Academicia Review-A Multidisciplinary Online Journal
Academicia Review-A Multidisciplinary Online Journal is an international, open access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing knowledge across multiple disciplines. We publish high-quality research articles, review papers, and scholarly communications that contribute to academic excellence and address global challenges. Our mission is to support accessible, ethical, and transparent scholarly communication. Academicia Review is an international, open access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing knowledge across multiple disciplines. We publish high-quality research articles, review papers, and scholarly communications that contribute to academic excellence and address global challenges. Our mission is to support accessible, ethical, and transparent scholarly communication. Discipline Coverage Natural Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Environmental Science) Engineering & Technology Health & Life Sciences Social Sciences & Humanities Education, Law, Management & Economics Interdisciplinary & Emerging Research ISSN (E): 3070-6726 ResearchBib: 9.865 Index Copernicus
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A Registry Instead Of Gatekeepers: How Uzbekistan Can Regulate Digital Platforms By Drawing On The Dma Experience And Existing Legislation
It is commonly believed that, in order to control digital platforms, Uzbekistan needs to adopt its own law modeled after the European DMA. This article demonstrates that the actual task is different. Through Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 256 dated May 1, 2024, Uzbekistan has already established a fairly sophisticated specialized regulatory regime, comprising criteria for platform dominance, a registry of dominant operators, the concept of "superior bargaining power," and a prohibition on abuses. In essence, this constitutes a domestic analogue to the designation and obligations of "gatekeepers" as defined in the DMA. Therefore, the question is not whether to enact a new law, but rather how to refine the existing regulatory framework. Drawing upon a tripartite classification of platform power and a "DMA norm transfer" test, the author identifies three key weaknesses in the current regime: its status as a purely sublegislative framework, its reactive (*ex post*) regulatory logic, and a lack of specific regulatory tools. Consequently, the author proposes consolidating this regime within the existing Law "On Competition," while simultaneously incorporating the currently missing elements. A draft of the corresponding statutory provision is provided.
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Developing students' reading literacy through working on the text
This article discusses the role of text-based learning in developing reading literacy among primary school students. It analyzes effective methods and strategies for working with texts and their impact on improving reading comprehension, text analysis, identifying the main idea, and fostering independent thinking. The article also provides practical recommendations for enhancing reading literacy through modern pedagogical approaches.
Comprehensive Analysis Of Patent Litigation And Enforcement Regimes: The United States And The Republic Of Uzbekistan
Patents and other intangible assets now make up most of the value of large companies. This shift has made patent enforcement systems much more important to investors and trade policy. This article compares how patent lawsuits work in the United States and the Republic of Uzbekistan, two countries with very different legal systems. The United States has a mature, expensive, common-law system. It features mandatory pre-trial discovery, jury trials, a separate administrative court (the Patent Trial and Appeal Board) for challenging patent validity, and damages rules that limit how much a patent owner can recover. Uzbekistan has a civil-law system that is reforming quickly. It keeps infringement cases and validity challenges in separate courts, has no pre-trial discovery, relies heavily on court-appointed experts, and has passed several new laws between 2022 and 2026 that add statutory damages, criminal penalties, and digital customs enforcement. Drawing on laws and current articles from legal practitioners, this article compares the cost, speed, and risk of litigating in each country, and ends with practical guidance for companies and investors who need to protect patents in Central Asia
Employee Engagement and Organizational Effectiveness: The Role of Communication, Voice, Participation, and Grievance Procedures
Employee engagement has become an important factor influencing organizational effectiveness, employee productivity, and long-term business success. Engaged employees demonstrate stronger commitment, higher motivation, and improved performance, while low engagement contributes to absenteeism, turnover, and reduced organizational outcomes. This paper reviews the relationship between employee engagement and key organizational practices, including communication, employee voice, participation, and grievance procedures. Effective internal communication strengthens transparency and trust, while employee voice and participation create opportunities for staff involvement in decision-making processes. Grievance mechanisms also play a significant role by ensuring fairness and protecting employee rights. The literature suggests that organizations creating supportive environments where employees feel heard, valued, and involved are more likely to achieve higher engagement and organizational performance
Methodology for teaching arithmetic and geometric progressions based on the educational experience of Finland, Singapore, and South Korea
This article analyzes the approaches to mathematics education in the Finnish, Singaporean, and South Korean education systems and, based on these experiences, highlights the issues of improving the methodology for teaching arithmetic and geometric progressions. During the study, similarities and differences between the education systems of the three countries, the methods used in the educational process, and the methods of teaching students mathematical thinking were studied. Also, based on these experiences, methodological recommendations were developed for the effective teaching of progressions in mathematics lessons.
A Practical Approach Based on Artificial Intelligence in Teaching Algebra
This article discusses the role and importance of artificial intelligence technologies in the process of teaching algebra. The effectiveness of using modern pedagogical approaches, adaptive educational technologies, interactive methods, and digital platforms in algebra education is analyzed. Also, the process of solving quadratic equations based on artificial intelligence is explained through practical examples, and the importance of these technologies in developing students' logical thinking, independent work skills, and mathematical literacy is substantiated. The article extensively discusses the possibilities of artificial intelligence in providing an individual approach to teaching algebra and improving the quality of education
Assessing English Language Learners: Modern Approaches To Language Assessment
This article examines modern approaches to assessing English language learners and highlights the importance of assessment in foreign language education. Various types of assessment, including diagnostic, formative, and summative assessment, are discussed. The paper also analyzes methods for evaluating learners’ listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. Furthermore, the role of effective assessment in improving language proficiency and enhancing the quality of education is explored
Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Abu Ishaq Kalobadiy Scientific Heritage – In the World’s Perspective
This article examines the scientific legacy of Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abu Ishaq al-Kalabazi and his contribution to the development of Islamic thought, particularly Sufism and Hadith studies. It analyzes his life, scholarly activity, works, and the content of his famous book “Al-Ta’arruf li Madhhab Ahl alTasawwuf.” The study also provides information about manuscripts, editions, commentaries, and the research of his works by both Eastern and Western scholars. It is emphasized that al-Kalabazi’s legacy is an important source for preserving the authentic essence of Sufism, strengthening Islamic belief, and systematizing religious thought
Interpretation Of Ethical Issues In The Heritage Of The Scholarships Of Movarounnahr
This article examines the interpretation of ethical and moral issues in the heritage of the scholars of Mawarannahr. It highlights the moral and educational views of Imam al-Bukhari, Imam al-Tirmidhi, Abu Dawud, Abdullah ibn Mubarak alMarwazi, Abu Layth al-Samarqandi, Yusuf Khos Hojib, Hakim al-Tirmidhi, and Sufi Olloyor. Their works emphasize such values as compassion, justice, tolerance, generosity, pursuit of knowledge, respect for parents, and humanism. The article discusses the significance of these virtues in social development and human perfection, while also demonstrating their relevance in the moral education of the younger generation today
Nursing Ethics and Deontology: Fundamental Principles in Professional Nursing Practice
Nursing ethics and deontology are essential components of professional nursing practice. They guide nurses in making appropriate decisions, maintaining professional behavior, and providing high-quality patient care. Ethics focuses on moral principles and values, while deontology emphasizes duties, obligations, and professional responsibilities. Together, they ensure respect for human dignity, patient rights, confidentiality, and compassionate care. This article explores the concepts of nursing ethics and deontology, their principles, significance, and application in modern healthcare settings.
Optimization Of Sowing Dates And Seeding Rates Of Proso Millet
The article analyzes the possibilities of cultivating proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) as a double crop and evaluates the influence of the main elements of cultivation technology, particularly sowing dates and seeding rates, on grain yield and quality. Studies conducted under the irrigated meadow-gray soil conditions of the Samarkand region revealed that the highest millet grain yield, amounting to 3.18 t/ha, was obtained at a seeding rate of 2.5 million seeds per hectare. It was also determined that sowing on June 20 with a seeding rate of 2.5 million seeds per hectare resulted in superior grain quality indicators, including a protein content of 13.5%, grain test weight of 727.5 g/L, and a 1000-grain weight of 7.72 g. Based on the experimental results, practical recommendations for millet cultivation under irrigated conditions were developed.
Methods And Importance Of Training Medical Personnel In Foreign Languages
The rapid development of globalization and international healthcare cooperation has significantly increased the importance of foreign language proficiency among medical personnel. Effective communication with international patients, colleagues, and researchers requires healthcare professionals to possess adequate language skills, particularly in English, which is widely recognized as the global language of medicine. This article examines the importance of foreign language training for medical personnel and discusses effective methods that can be used to improve language competence in healthcare education and practice. The findings suggest that foreign language proficiency contributes to better patient care, professional development, and access to international medical knowledge
Nutrition Of Children Under One Year Of Age
This article discusses the importance of proper nutrition of children under one year of age, the advantages of breastfeeding, the rules for introducing complementary foods, and the role of nutrition in ensuring the healthy growth and development of children. Also, the child's need for nutrients at different ages and recommendations for feeding are presented.
Formation of Rhythmic Coordination of Collective Actions in Health Aerobics Participants
The visual appeal and coherence of composition structures, as well as the success of performance execution, depend on the level of developed collective actions. The authors have developed methodologies, tools, and methods that improve not only rhythmic and coordinated motor actions, but also enhance the physical fitness of participants
Love As Discourse: A Semiotic, Cultural, And Cognitive Analysis Of Roland Barthes's A Lover's Discourse In Comparison With Shakespeare And Ajiniyaz
Love remains one of the most universal and enduring themes in world literature. Contemporary literary theory, however, has transformed the understanding of love from a purely emotional phenomenon into a discursive and semiotic construct. Roland Barthes's A Lover's Discourse represents one of the most influential attempts to conceptualize love as a system of signs, fragments, and cultural codes rather than as a coherent emotional narrative. This article explores Barthes's theory of love discourse through a semiotic, cultural, and cognitive lens and applies it to the analysis of William Shakespeare's sonnets and Ajiniyaz's lyrical poetry. The study demonstrates that love is constructed through fragmented discourse, metaphorical language, symbolic imagery, and culturally embedded meanings. Through comparative analysis, the article reveals both universal and culture-specific manifestations of love discourse in Western and Eastern poetic traditions. The findings suggest that Barthes's theoretical framework provides a productive methodological model for investigating the linguistic and cultural representation of love in literary texts
Development Of An Energy-Efficient MultiStage Cotton Drying System
This paper investigates the operating principles and engineering characteristics of a multi-stage cotton drying system designed for industrial cotton processing enterprises. The proposed unit improves the efficiency of thermal treatment through continuous mixing of raw cotton and counterflow movement of heated air. Special attention is devoted to heat and mass transfer processes, energy-saving operating modes, and optimization of drying parameters. The developed approach allows stable reduction of cotton moisture while minimizing fiber damage and thermal losses.
Arbitration as a Mechanism for the Protection of Exclusive Trademark Rights: National and International Perspectives
This article provides a comprehensive legal analysis of trademark protection mechanisms and arbitration as an independent alternative dispute resolution mechanism in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Based on an examination of the current legislative framework, including the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Trademarks, Service Marks and Appellations of Origin,” the Law “On Arbitration Courts,” the Law “On International Commercial Arbitration,” the Civil Code, and the Code on Administrative Liability, the study identifies the key challenges arising in the enforcement of trademark rights. Attention is paid to the concepts of counterfeit goods and parallel imports, as well as to deficiencies in customs regulation and the operation of arbitration tribunals. Drawing upon a comparative legal analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation, the United States, the Member States of the European Union, as well as Belarus, the Kyrgyz Republic, Estonia, China, and several other jurisdictions, the article proposes specific measures aimed at improving both the legal framework and enforcement practice in the field of trademark protection
Scientific and Legal Interpretations of the Concept of Startup
This article investigates the scientific and legal nature of the “startup” concept through a comparative legal analysis prism, encompassing international doctrine, the experiences of foreign jurisdictions (the USA, the EU, the UK, Singapore, and South Korea), and national legislative frameworks. Highlighting the evolutionary development of the startup phenomenon, the paper elucidates the conceptual polemics between the theoretical perspectives of leading international legal scholars and economists, such as Steve Blank, Eric Ries, Elizabeth Pollman, and Luca Enriques. Furthermore, it examines the research of domestic legal scholars regarding intellectual property and the civil law regulation of the startup ecosystem. By identifying the legal and practical deficiencies within the current definition found in the legislation of Uzbekistan, this study proposes a universal system of functional criteria aligned with international standards for the national legal framework
Methodological Support For The Formation Of An Innovative Educational Environment In Higher Education Based On Art Management
This article analyzes the pedagogical potential of art management in the formation of an innovative educational environment in higher education institutions. The study highlights the significance of art management technologies in developing students’ creative thinking, engaging them in innovative activities, and enhancing their professional competencies. A methodology for forming an innovative educational environment based on art management has been developed, and its effectiveness has been theoretically and practically substantiated. The research findings demonstrate the importance of this approach in improving the quality of education, fostering students’ creative activity, and developing their innovative competencies.
Application Of Artificial Intelligence For The Development Of Clinical Thinking In Students Of Dental Faculties
Modern medical education is developing under conditions of digitalization and active implementation of artificial intelligence (AI). One of the main tasks in dental education is the development of clinical thinking, including the ability to analyze clinical data, interpret diagnostic results, and make informed decisions. According to the World Health Organization, many diagnostic errors are associated with insufficient clinical thinking among young specialists. Therefore, increasing attention is being paid to digital educational technologies, including virtual patients, intelligent learning platforms, and clinical decision support systems
Specific Features Of Pop Art Style Application In The Modern Fashion Industry
The article explores the evolution of Pop Art in fashion design from the mid1950s to 2026. The author identifies three waves of the style’s development: the rebellious first wave of the 1960s (Mary Quant, Andy Warhol, Yves Saint Laurent), the more complex second wave of the 1980s–1990s (Versace, Westwood, Lacroix), and the contemporary third wave, where digital printing, artist collaborations, and upcycling merge with Pop Art’s signature irony (Prada, Moschino, Marni). Special attention is paid to the key characteristics of the style and its continuing role as a tool for self-expression and social commentary in modern fashion
Artistic Style And Linguopoetic Features In Saida Zunnunova's Short Stories
This article examines the artistic-stylistic and linguopoetic features of the short stories written by Saida Zunnunova (1926–1977), one of the most prominent figures of twentieth-century Uzbek literature. The study analyses the linguistic devices, figurative expressions, compositional structure, and ideological-aesthetic content present in her prose works. Traditional methods drawn from linguopoetics, stylistics, and literary criticism have been applied.
Developing English Speaking Skills among University EFL Students: Pedagogical Strategies and Educational Implications
Speaking is one of the most important language skills for university students studying English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Despite years of formal English instruction, many university students experience difficulties in expressing themselves fluently and confidently in English. This study explores effective pedagogical strategies for developing speaking skills among university EFL learners. The article reviews contemporary teaching approaches, including communicative language teaching, task-based learning, collaborative learning, and technology-assisted instruction. A qualitative literature review was conducted using recent international studies published between 2021 and 2025. The findings indicate that interactive and student-centered teaching methods significantly improve learners’ speaking proficiency, confidence, and communicative competence. The study highlights the importance of creating meaningful speaking opportunities and supportive learning environments in higher education contexts.
Spiritual Security In Cyberspace And Contemporary Models Of Youth Education
The rapid development of digital technologies and the widespread use of cyberspace have significantly influenced the values, behaviour, and worldview of young people. This article explores the concept of spiritual security in cyberspace, identifies major online threats affecting youth, and examines educational approaches aimed at reducing these risks. The study is based on content analysis of online platforms, questionnaires conducted among 480 respondents aged 14–30, and interviews with teachers and psychologists. The findings reveal four main threats: value displacement, ideological influence, digital addiction, and the weakening of national and cultural identity. Research conducted in three regions of Uzbekistan between 2022 and 2024 shows that only 34% of respondents have sufficient digital literacy skills to recognize harmful online content, while 71.6% of teachers feel inadequately prepared to teach cybersafety. Based on these findings, the article proposes a three-level educational model that includes digital literacy training for individuals, media guidance within families, and improvements in educational policies and institutional practices. The results may be useful for educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers working to strengthen the spiritual security of youth in the digital era.
Gamification as a Pedagogical Technology for Increasing Learner Motivation in Foreign Language Classrooms
This article examines gamification as an innovative pedagogical technology aimed at enhancing learner motivation in foreign language education. The study explores the theoretical foundations of gamification, including its core mechanics—points, badges, leaderboards, levels, and narrative elements—and their psychological underpinnings rooted in self-determination theory and flow theory. The research analyzes how game-based elements can be effectively integrated into traditional and digital language learning environments to foster intrinsic motivation, increase engagement, and reduce anxiety among learners. Drawing on recent empirical studies, the article evaluates the impact of gamified approaches on vocabulary acquisition, communicative competence, and longterm retention. The findings suggest that when thoughtfully implemented, gamification transforms passive learners into active participants, creating immersive experiences that mirror real-world language use. The article also addresses potential challenges, including over-reliance on extrinsic rewards and the risk of superficial engagement, offering practical recommendations for educators seeking to balance playful learning with meaningful pedagogical outcomes. The conclusions emphasize that gamification, when aligned with clear learning objectives and learner-centered design principles, represents a powerful tool for revitalizing foreign language instruction in contemporary educational contexts
The Impact of Bilingualism on the Linguistic Development of the Uzbek Language
The continuous intensification of globalization and post-colonial geopolitical realignments have positioned the contemporary Uzbek language within a highly dynamic, asymmetric bilingual and trilingual continuum. This investigation empirically quantifies the specific structural, lexical, and cognitive alterations occurring within the native language matrix of Uzbek speakers resulting from sustained contact with Russian and English. Utilizing a hybridized methodological architecture that integrates large-scale computational corpus analysis (comprising 4.8 million textual tokens) with targeted psycholinguistic syntax-elicitation testing across a stratified cohort of bilinguals (N = 4,250), the research maps the exact trajectory of contact-induced linguistic evolution. The empirical outcomes demonstrate a statistically profound paradigm shift in syntactic convergence; specifically, bilingual cohorts exhibit a 31.4% higher frequency of deviating from the rigid Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) typology inherent to Turkic languages in favor of Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) phrasing typical of Indo-European frameworks (p < 0.001). Concurrently, lexical processing metrics indicate a high degree of semantic bleaching among native lexemes, which are increasingly replaced by integrated bilingual cognitive equivalents. The spatial and demographic analysis confirms that this structural interference is predominantly driven by high-density urban sociolinguistic networks, where code-switching functions as a primary communicative norm rather than a peripheral phenomenon. The resulting quantitative frameworks mathematically invalidate the notion of language degradation, demonstrating instead that bilingualism forces the Uzbek linguistic apparatus to optimize its generative grammar for maximum cognitive efficiency. These predictive models offer immediate, scalable applications for national language planning, artificial intelligence translation matrices, and pedagogical strategies within complex multilingual educational ecosystems.
Early Diagnosis of Brain Herniation in Brain Tumors
Brain displacement (herniation) is one of the most dangerous complications of central nervous system tumors and often determines disease severity and outcome. Early diagnosis of brain displacement allows timely modification of treatment strategies and prevention of lifethreatening conditions. This article provides a systematic analysis of clinical, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological signs of early brain displacement in patients with brain tumors of various localizations. Mechanisms of intracranial hypertension, types of brain displacement, and their diagnostic features are discussed. The importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach using clinical assessment, MRI, CT, and intracranial pressure monitoring is emphasized
Neurological Complications of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Modern Approaches to Their Surgical Correction
Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a genetically determined neurocutaneous disorder characterized by significant clinical variability and a high incidence of neurological complications. This study aimed to analyze the spectrum of neurological disorders associated with NF1 and to evaluate outcomes of surgical treatment for tumors affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems. A total of 112 patients aged 14–62 years underwent comprehensive evaluation. Spinal and spinal cord tumors were identified in 58% of cases, while clinically significant neural compression occurred in 16%. Surgical treatment was performed in 38 patients with symptomatic disease. Postoperative neurological improvement was achieved in 71% of cases. These findings highlight the importance of early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention in progressive NF1-related neurological complications
Clinical and Neurological Manifestations of Cerebral Arachnoiditis
Arachnoiditis is an inflammatory disorder of the arachnoid membrane of the brain that may lead to leptomeningeal adhesions, disturbances of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and focal neurological deficits. This article reviews etiology and pathogenesis, with emphasis on clinico-neurological manifestations — headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, seizures, cognitive and behavioral changes, and signs secondary to CSF circulation impairment. Modern diagnostic approaches (contrast MRI, CT myelography, CSF analysis), differential diagnosis and treatment principles (from conservative antiinflammatory and rehabilitative care to neurosurgical options) are discussed
cerebrospinal fluid circulation disorders
Brain Abscesses: Clinical And Neurological Manifestations
Brain abscess is a focal intracerebral infection of the central nervous system that requires prompt diagnosis and comprehensive medical management. This review analyzes the epidemiology and pathogenesis of brain abscess, clinical and neurological manifestations, modern neuroimaging and laboratory diagnostic methods, as well as principles of differential diagnosis and therapeutic strategies including antibiotic therapy and neurosurgical interventions. Particular attention is given to the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and diffusionweighted imaging