Vitamin D Status In Infants And Toddlers And Its Relationship With Growth And Immunity
Keywords:
Vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, infantsAbstract
Vitamin D plays a central role in skeletal mineralization during infancy and early childhood and also acts as a pleiotropic hormone influencing immune regulation, epithelial barrier function, and inflammatory responses. In many regions, infants and toddlers are at risk of low vitamin D status because of limited dietary sources, variable sunlight exposure, darker skin pigmentation, cultural clothing practices, prematurity, maternal deficiency, and rapid growth demands. This article reviews vitamin D status in children under two years of age and explains how it relates to linear growth, bone health, and immunity. It summarizes practical definitions of vitamin D status, major risk factors in clinical practice, and recommended intakes for infants and toddlers, emphasizing supplementation as a reliable strategy when dietary intake is insufficient
References
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
